Everything about Tour De France totally explained
The
Tour de France started in 1903, and is the world's largest
cycling tournament/race. It is a 23-day, 21-stage
bicycle road race that's usually run over more than . The route traces a circuit around most areas of
France, and often passes through one or more neighbouring countries. The race is broken into stages from one town to another, each of which is an individual race. The time taken to complete each stage is added to a cumulative total for each rider, to decide the outright winner at the end of the Tour.
Together with the
Giro d'Italia (Tour of Italy) and
Vuelta a España (Tour of Spain), the Tour de France is one of the three major stage races and the longest of the
Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) calendar. While the other two European
Grand Tours are well known in
Europe, they're relatively unknown outside the continent, and even the UCI World Cycling Championship is familiar only to cycling enthusiasts. The Tour de France, in contrast, has long been a household sporting name around the globe, even to those not generally interested in cycling.
As with most
cycling races, competitors enter as part of a team. The race consists of 20 to 22 teams with nine riders each. Traditionally, entry is extended to invitation only, with invitations granted only to the best of the world's professional teams. The tour organizers recently have utilized UCI points (based upon team riders/results) to determine which teams would gain automatic entry into the tour and then typically reserve 2-4 team slots to at large teams or French continental teams who wouldn't be able to race in the tour based upon their individual team results. Each team, known by the name of its sponsor, wears a distinctive jersey and riders assist one another and have access to a shared 'team car' (a mobile version of the pit crews in car racing).
History
The dominant sports newspaper in France at the end of the 19th century was
Le Vélo. Like other sports papers, it mixed sports reports with news and political comment. France was split socially over the guilt or innocence of a soldier,
Alfred Dreyfus, who had been found guilty of selling secrets to the Germans.
Le Vélo stood for Dreyfus's innocence while some of its biggest advertisers, notably the owner of the Dion car works, believed him guilty. Angry scenes followed between the advertisers and the editor, Pierre Giffard, and the advertisers withdrew their support and started a rival paper.
It was to promote sales of the rival,
L'Auto (spiritual but not actual predecessor to the present
l'Équipe), that the Tour de France began. It was a publicity measure to outdo the
Paris-Brest et retour race organised by Giffard. The idea for a round-France stage race came from L'Auto's chief cycling journalist, 26-year-old
Géo Lefèvre. He and the editor,
Henri Desgrange then discussed it after lunch at what is now the TGI Friday bar in Montmartre in Paris on November 20, 1902, caught public imagination. The race was such a success for the newspaper that the circulation, which was 25,000 before the 1903 Tour, increased to 65,000 after it
Today, the Tour is organised by the
Société du Tour de France, a subsidiary of
Amaury Sport Organisation (ASO), which is part of the media group that owns
L'Équipe.
Description
The Tour is a
stage race, each
stage being one race per day. The time each rider takes to complete each stage is accumulated. Riders are often awarded time bonuses as well as their prize for finishing. Riders who finish in the same group are awarded the same time. Two riders are said to have finished in the same group if there's less than the length of a bike between them. A rider who crashes in the last three
kilometres is given the time of the group in which he'd have finished.
The ranking of riders by accumulated time is known as the
General Classification. The winner is the rider with the least accumulated time after the final day.
It is possible to win overall without winning a stage, which
Greg LeMond did in 1990. Winning a stage is considered more prestigious than winning most single-day races. Although the number of stages has varied, the modern Tour has about 20 and a total length of 3,000 to 4,000
kilometres (1,800 to 2,500
mi). The shortest Tour was in 1904 at 2,420km, the longest in 1926 at 5,745km. The 2007 Tour was 3,569.9 km long.
Tour directors
Famous stages
Since 1975, the final stage finishes on the
Champs-Élysées in Paris, which is
cobbled, making it difficult to cycle, though not as hard as the
Paris-Roubaix. The race takes multiple turns over the avenue, which is lined with enormous crowds. This stage isn't usually competitive in terms of the overall lead since it's flat and the leader is likely to have a sufficient margin to be unchallengeable. There have been exceptions, however. In
1987, with the Irish rider
Stephen Roche leading the Spaniard
Pedro Delgado by only 40 seconds, Delgado broke away from the
peloton on the Champs-Élysées, threatening to snatch victory at the last minute. In the end he was caught. He and Roche both finished in the peloton, and Roche thereby won the Tour.
In 1989 the organizers returned to holding a time trial as the final stage. In it,
Greg LeMond of the United States overtook the Frenchman
Laurent Fignon, who held a 50-second lead, to win by eight seconds, the closest margin in the Tour's history.
The particularly tough climb of
Alpe d'Huez is a favourite, providing a stage finish in most Tours. In 2004, in another experiment, the mountain time trial ended at Alpe d'Huez. This seems less likely to be repeated, following complaints from the riders of abusive spectator behavior. Another famous mountain stage is the climb of
Mont Ventoux, often claimed to be the hardest in the Tour due to the harsh conditions. The Tour usually features only one of these two climbs in a year.
To host a stage start or finish brings prestige and business to a town. The prologue and first stage are particularly prestigious. Usually one town will host the prologue (which is too short to go between towns) and also the start of stage 1. In some years, like 2005, there's no prologue. In 2007 the Tour director
Christian Prudhomme stated that "in general, for a period of five years we've the Tour start outside of France 3 times and within France 2 times." In addition, the first few stages often go into a neighbouring country.
Prize money
Prize money has always been awarded, starting with the first Tour in 1903. From 20,000
francs the first year, the total prize money has increased each year. Prizes and bonuses are awarded according to the classification in each stage and the overall classifications at the end of the race. A smaller amount is paid to teams as a participation expense or a presence bonus. In
2006, a total of over €3,000,000 ($4,100,000) was awarded, the winner of the individual general classification receiving €450,000 ($600,000). Not withstanding these increasing amounts, the importance of the prize money has decreased through the years, as riders are well paid by their employers - the cycling teams - by contract.
Classification jerseys
Apart from winning the Tour, each race has three further classifications: the points, the mountains and the best young rider. The leaders of the four competitions wear a distinctive jersey next day. Jerseys are awarded in a ceremony after each stage, sometimes before trailing riders have finished. When a single rider is entitled to more than one jersey, he wears the most prestigious and the second-placed rider in the other classification wears the jersey. For example, in the first week it's common for the overall classification (yellow jersey) and points (sprint) competition (green jersey) to be led by the same rider. In this case the leading rider will wear the yellow jersey and the rider placed second in the points competition will wear the green jersey.
The Tour's jersey colours have been adopted by other cycling stage races, and have thus come to have meaning within cycling generally, rather than solely in the Tour. For example, the
Tour of Britain has yellow, green, and polka-dot jerseys with the same meaning as in the Tour de France. The Giro d’Italia differs in awarding the overall leader a pink jersey, having been organized and sponsored by
La Gazzetta dello Sport, an Italian sports daily newspaper with pink pages.
Overall leader
The
maillot jaune (yellow jersey), which is worn by the
general classification (or overall time) leader, is the most prized. It is awarded by calculating the total combined race time up to that point for each rider. The rider with the lowest total time is the leader, and at the end of the event is declared the overall winner of the Tour.
The winner of the first Tour de France wore not a yellow jersey but a green armband. There is doubt over when the yellow jersey began. The Belgian rider
Philippe Thys, who won the Tour in 1913, 1914 and 1920, recalled in the Belgian magazine
Champions et Vedettes when he was 67 that he was awarded a yellow jersey in 1913 when the organiser,
Henri Desgrange, asked him to wear a coloured jersey. Thys declined, saying making himself more visible in yellow would encourage other riders to ride against him.
He spoke of the next year's race, when "I won the first stage and was beaten by a tyre by Bossus in the second. On the following stage, the maillot jaune passed to Georget after a crash."
The Tour historian Jacques Augendre called Thys "a valorous rider... well-known for his intelligence" and said his claim "seems free from all suspicion". But: "No newspaper mentions a yellow jersey before the war. Being at a loss for witnesses, we can't solve this enigma."
Desgrange added the yellow jersey in 1919 because he wanted the race leader to wear something distinctive and because the pages of his newspaper,
L'Auto, were yellow. Additional time bonuses, in the form of a number of seconds to be deducted from the rider's overall time, are available to the first 3 riders to finish the stage or cross an intermediate sprint (see below). As of 2005, the first 3 places to finish are awarded bonuses of 20, 12, and 8 seconds respectively, while the first 3 places at intermediate sprints are awarded 6, 4, and 2 seconds. However, these bonuses are rarely significant enough to cause major upset in the
classement géneral (General Classification).
Sometimes a rider takes the overall lead during a stage and gets sufficiently far ahead of the yellow jersey wearer that his current lead is greater than his time deficit to the yellow jersey in the general classification; when this happens, this rider may be referred to as being "the yellow jersey on the road". Obviously, no jerseys can be exchanged in this situation, which is why in some other languages the leading rider is referred to as the "virtual yellow".
Points classification
The
maillot vert (green jersey) is awarded for sprint points. At the end of each stage, points are earned by the riders who finish first, second, etc. Points are higher for flat stages, as sprints are more likely, and less for mountain stages, where climbers usually win.
Flat stages: 35, 30, 26, 24, 22, 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1 points are awarded to the first 25 riders across the finish.
Medium-mountain stages: 25, 22, 20, 18, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 points are awarded to the first 20 riders across the finish.
High-mountain stages: 20, 17, 15, 13, 12, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 points are awarded to the first 15 riders across the finish.
Time-trials: 15, 12, 10, 8, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 points are awarded to the top 10 finishers of the stage.
Intermediate sprints: 6, 4, and 2 points are awarded to the first three finishers.
In case of a tie, the number of stage wins determine the green jersey, then the number of intermediate sprint victories, and finally, the rider's standing in the overall classification.
King of the Mountains
The "
King of the Mountains" wears a white jersey with red dots (
maillot à pois rouges), referred to as the "polka dot jersey" and inspired by a jersey that the former organiser, Félix Lévitan saw while at the Vélodrome d'Hiver track in Paris in his youth.
The competition is calculated by points awarded to the first riders at the top of designated hills and mountains, the greatest number of points being awarded for the hardest ascents.
Climbs rated "Hors Catégorie" (HC): 20, 18, 16, 14, 12, 10, 8, 7, 6 and 5 points for the first 10 riders to the summit.
Category 1 climbs: 15, 13, 11, 9, 8, 7, 6 and 5 points for the first 8 riders to the top.
Category 2 climbs: 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, and 5 for the first 6 riders to the top.
Category 3 climbs: 4, 3, 2 and 1 points for the first 4 riders to the top.
Category 4 climbs: 3, 2 and 1 points for the first 3 riders to the top.
NOTE: For the last climb of a stage, the points are doubled (for HC, Cat 1 and Cat 2 climbs only).
In case of a tie, the rider with the most HC wins takes the jersey, then the rider with the most Cat 1 wins, etc...
Although the best climber was first recognised in 1933, the jersey wasn't introduced until 1975.
Other classifications
There are three lesser classifications, though only one awards the leader a jersey. The
maillot blanc (white jersey) is for the best-placed rider less than 25 years old on January 1 of the year the Tour is ridden.
The "prix de combativité" goes to the rider who has done most to animate the day's racing, usually by trying to break clear of the field. It is decided by a panel of experts. The most combative rider of a stage wears a number printed white-on-red instead of black-on-white in the next stage. At the end of the Tour, an award is given to the rider thought to be the most aggressive throughout the entire tour.
The team prize is assessed by adding the times of each team's best three riders each day. The competition doesn't have its own jersey but since 2006 the leading team has worn numbers printed black-on-yellow instead of black-on-white. The number of riders in a team has varied but is now normally nine. Until 1930, teams represented countries, groups of countries or French regions. From 1930, but with the exception of 1967 and 1968 when there was a return to geographical teams, riders have been entered by commercial teams.
As in all
road races, national and world champions wear not their ordinary team colours but their world or national championship jerseys when competing in the appropriate race: the time-trial champion in the time-trial, the road race in massed stages.
Historical jerseys
Previously, there was a
red jersey for the standings in non-stage-finish sprints: points were awarded to the first three riders to pass two or three intermediate points during the stage. These sprints also scored points towards the green jersey and bonus seconds towards the overall classification, as well as cash prizes offered by the residents of the area where the sprint took place. The sprints remain, with all these additional effects, the most significant now being the points for the green jersey. The red jersey was abolished in 1989.
There was also a
combination jersey, scored on a points system based on standings for the yellow, green, red, and polka-dot jerseys. The design was a patchwork, with areas resembling each individual jersey design. This was abolished in the same year as the red jersey.
Stages
Mass-start stages
In an ordinary stage, all riders start simultaneously and share the road. The real start (
départ réel) usually is some 2 to 5 kilometres (1 to 3 mi) away from the starting point, and is announced by the Tour director in the officials' car waving a white flag.
Riders are permitted to touch (but not push or nudge) and to shelter behind each other, in slipstream (see
drafting). The rider who crosses the finish line first wins. In the first week of the Tour, this often leads to spectacular mass sprints.
While only finishers are awarded sprint points, all riders finishing in an identifiable group (with no significant gap to the rider in front, as determined by race officials) are deemed to have finished the stage in the same time as the lead rider of that group for overall classification purposes. This avoids what would otherwise be dangerous mass sprints. It isn't unusual for the entire field to finish in a single group, taking some time to cross the line, but being credited with the same time as the stage winner.
Time bonuses are awarded at some intermediate sprints and stage finishes to the first three riders who reach the specified point. These bonuses generally are a maximum of 20 seconds, and can allow a good sprinter to qualify for the yellow jersey early in the Tour.
Riders who crash within the last 3 kilometres of the stage are credited with the finishing time of the group that they were with when they crashed . This prevents riders from being penalised for accidents that don't accurately reflect their performance on the stage as a whole given that crashes in the final kilometre can be huge pileups that are hard to avoid for a rider farther back in the peloton. A crashed sprinter inside the final kilometre won't win the sprint, but avoids being penalised in the overall classification. The final kilometre is indicated in the race course by a red triangular pennant - known as the
flamme rouge - raised above the road.
Some ordinary stages take place in the mountains, almost always causing major shifts in the General Classification. On ordinary stages that don't have extended mountain climbs, most riders can manage to stay together in the peloton all the way to the finish; during mountain stages, however, it isn't uncommon for some riders to lose 40 minutes to the winner of the stage. The so called mountain stages are often the deciding factor in determining the winner of the Tour de France. With the exception of the now traditional finish at the
Champs-Elysées all famous stages, like
Alpe d'Huez and Mont Ventoux, are mountain stages, and these often bring out the most spectators who line up the roads by the thousands to cheer and encourage the cyclists and support their favorites.
Individual time trials
In an individual time trial each rider rides individually. The first stage of the tour is often a short time trial known as a
prologue. The prologue is to decide who wears yellow on the opening day, and provide a spectacle for the organising city.
There are usually three or four time trials during the Tour. One may be a
team time trial. Traditionally the final time trial has been the penultimate stage, and effectively determines the winner before the final ordinary stage which isn't ridden competitively until the last hour. On a few occasions, the race organisers made the final stage into Paris a time trial. The most recent occasion on which this was done, in 1989, yielded the closest ever finish in Tour history, when
Greg LeMond beat
Laurent Fignon by eight seconds overall. Fignon wore the yellow jersey for the final stage, with a lead of 50 seconds, and was beaten by LeMond's superior time trial performance. LeMond's unusual handlebars which placed his forearms close together and reduce wind resistance, and his streamlined helmet, were considered a factor in his victory.
Team time trial
| 2nd: 20" |
12th: 2' 00" |
| 3rd: 30" |
13th: 2' 10" |
| 4th: 40" |
14th: 2' 20" |
| 5th: 50" |
15th: 2' 30" |
| 6th: 1' |
16th: 2' 35" |
| 7th: 1' 10" |
17th: 2' 40" |
| 8th: 1' 20" |
18th: 2' 45" |
| 9th: 1' 30" |
19th: 2' 50" |
| 10th: 1' 40" |
20th: 2' 55" |
| 11th: 1' 50" |
21st: 3' 00" |
Often in the first week of the Tour there's a team
time trial (TTT), in which each team rides together without interference from competing teams. The
team time is determined by the fifth rider to cross the line; all riders ahead of the fifth rider, and those finishing within one bike length of each other, are awarded this same time. Riders who finish more than one bike-length behind their respective teams are awarded their own individual times.
The TTT has been criticized for unfairly favoring strong teams and handicapping strong riders in weaker teams. To address this criticism, the 2004 and 2005 editions of the Tour limited the maximum
team time difference relative to the fastest team, according to the team rankings on the stage. The following table indicates the maximum time penalty added to the winning team's time that a team will receive, according to its
team time placing. However, this doesn't apply to riders finishing behind their own teams, and doesn't protect riders in case of crashing in the last kilometre, unlike during normal stages.
For example, a team that finishes in 14th place, six minutes behind the winning team, would lose only two minutes and 20 seconds in the General Classification relative to the winners of the TTT. If the team time had been 2:13 behind the winning team, then the team time will be 2:13 assuming that this were still the 14th place.
The most recent TTT was held in
2005.
Culture
The Tour is popular and important for the cycling fans in France and in Europe. Millions of spectators line the route every year, some having camped a week in advance to get the best views. A recognizable part of the crowd each day is
Didi Senft who, dressed in a red devil costume, has been known as the Tour de France devil or
El Diablo since 1993. The inspiration for the costume is attributed to the final kilometre of each Tour stage, indicated by a red triangle suspended over the road.
In the hours before the riders pass, a carnival atmosphere prevails. Any amateur cyclist is free to attempt the course on his bicycle in the morning, after which begins a garish cavalcade of advertising vehicles blaring music and tossing hats, souvenirs, sweets and free samples . As word passes that the riders are approaching, the fans sometimes encroach on the road until they're an arm’s length from the riders.
Customs
The riders temper their competitiveness and enthusiasm with an elaborate but unwritten code of conduct. When possible, a rider is allowed to lead the race through his home village or on his birthday. It is considered unsporting to
attack a leading rider delayed by a mechanical breakdown or other misfortune, one who is eating in the
feed zone or one who is satisfying
un besoin naturel (roughly translated to "a natural need", referring to
urinating). Not sticking to these customs can lead to animosity. Unless the final stage is a time trial, or the gap between the top two is extremely close, riders generally don't attack on the final stage, leaving the leader to bask in the glory of winning.
The rider ranked last in the general classification, who may wind up in Paris with an overall time five or more hours slower than that of the winner, is called the
lanterne rouge. Such was the sympathy shown to the last rider in the past that he could command higher fees in other races than riders who finished better. This custom has died along with the round-the-houses races once run off all over France in the weeks after the Tour.
Terminology
Much of the terminology used to describe the Tour de France is used in bicycle racing across the world. Terms specific to the Tour de France include:
Flamme rouge ("red kite") : The red pennant hanging as close as possible to a kilometre from the finish.
; Lanterne rouge : Meaning "red lantern" (as found at the end of a rail train), the name for the overall last-place rider.
Voiture balai : The "broom wagon" follows the race to collect riders who can't continue. Some riders prefer to be picked up by their team's car instead. Riders are generally expected to finish the race within 10–12 percent of the winner’s time or risk being dropped from the tour.
Films
A casual fan, Scott Coady attended the 2000 Tour de France with the aim to follow the entire Tour de France with a handheld video camera. By chance, he got a press accreditation and went on to make
The Tour Baby!
which has gained cult status among cyclists. He made the film to benefit the
Lance Armstrong Foundation raising more than $160,000 for the foundation.
In 2005, two films chronicled the efforts of a single team competing in the Tour de France. The German film
Höllentour, translated as
Hell on Wheels in English, records the Tour in 2003, the centenary year, from the perspective of
Team Telekom. The film was directed by
Pepe Danquart who won an
Academy Award for Live Action Short Film in 1993 for
Black Rider (
Schwarzfahrer). Also released was Danish film
Overcoming by
Tómas Gislason, which records the 2004 Tour de France from the perspective of
Team CSC.
One of the most famous films about the Tour is
Vive Le Tour by
Louis Malle. This 18 minute short takes a humorous look at the 1962 edition. The 1965 Tour was filmed by
Claude Lelouch in
Pour un Maillot Jaune. This 30 minute documentary contains no narration and relies on the sights and sounds of the Tour itself.
A movie based on Lance Armstrong's career is currently in a pre-production stage.
In fiction, the plot of the 2003 animated feature Les Triplettes de Belleville (The Triplets of Belleville) ties into the Tour De France.
Music
In 1983, the German music group Kraftwerk released the single "Tour de France" which was described as a minimalistic "melding of man and machine". The single was later included on a Kraftwerk record dedicated to the race, the Tour de France Soundtracks album from 2003.
Doping
Allegations of doping have plagued the Tour almost since its beginning in 1903. Early Tour riders were said to have consumed alcohol and used ether, among other substances, as a means of dulling the pain of competing in endurance cycling. As time went by, riders began using substances as a means of increasing performance rather than dulling the senses, and organizing bodies such as the Tour and the International Cycling Union (UCI), as well as government bodies, enacted policies to combat the practice.
On July 13, 1967, British cyclist Tom Simpson died climbing Mont Ventoux following use of amphetamines, complicated by the now defunct practice of drinking as little as possible. His supposed last words, "put me back on my bike", were actually invented by Sid Saltmarsh of the British magazine "Cycling" and the daily paper "The Sun".
At the 1998 Tour de France, dubbed the "Tour of Shame", a doping scandal erupted when Willy Voet, one of the soigneurs for the Festina team, was arrested for possession of erythropoietin (EPO), growth hormones, testosterone and amphetamines. French police raided several teams in their hotels and found doping products in the possession of the TVM team. The riders staged a sit-down strike on stage 17. After mediation by Jean-Marie Leblanc, the director of the Tour, police agreed to limit the most heavy-handed tactics and the riders agreed to continue. Some riders and teams had already abandoned and only 96 riders finished the race. In a 2000 criminal trial, it became clear that the management and health officials of the Festina team had organised the doping.
In the years following the Festina scandal, further anti-doping measures were introduced by race organizers and the UCI, including more frequent testing of riders and new tests for blood doping (transfusions and EPO use). A new, independent organization, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), was also created. Evidence of doping has however persisted. In 2002, the wife of Raimondas Rumšas, third in the 2002 Tour de France, was arrested by French police after EPO and anabolic steroids were found in her car. Rumšas, who hadn't failed a doping test, wasn't penalised. In 2004, Philippe Gaumont, a rider with the Cofidis team, told investigators and the press that doping with various substances was endemic to the team. Fellow Cofidis rider David Millar confessed to EPO use. In the same year, Jesus Manzano, a rider with the Kelme team, described in detail how he'd allegedly been forced by his team to use banned substances.
Doping controversy has surrounded seven-time Tour champion Lance Armstrong for some time, although there has never been evidence for him to be penalized. In late August 2005, one month after Armstrong's seventh consecutive victory, the French sports newspaper l'Équipe claimed to have uncovered evidence that Armstrong had used EPO in the 1999 Tour de France. Armstrong denied using EPO. In response to the L'Equipe allegations, an investigation was begun by the UCI in October 2005. The investigation reported that Armstrong didn't engage in doping and that the actions of the World Anti-Doping Agency were "completely inconsistent" with testing rules.
At the same 1999 Tour, Armstrong's urine showed traces of a glucocorticosteroid hormone, although the amount detected was well below the “positive” threshold. Armstrong explained that he'd used the skin cream Cemalyt containing triamcinolone to treat saddle sores. Armstrong had previously received permission from the UCI to use this skin cream for his saddle sores.
The 2006 Tour had been plagued by the Operación Puerto doping case before its beginning, when many favorites, such as Jan Ullrich and Ivan Basso, were banned by their teams one day prior to the Prologue due to doping allegations. Seventeen riders were implicated. Then, the most serious doping charge in Tour history emerged just four days after the end of the 2006 Tour de France: it was announced that the American rider Floyd Landis had a positive test for a testosterone imbalance in his 'A' or initial test sample, after he won stage 17; this was confirmed in his 'B' sample result, published on August 5, 2006. The decision to strip Landis of the victory rests with the International Cycling Union, but Tour de France director Christian Prudhomme said, "It goes without saying that for us Floyd Landis is no longer the winner of the 2006 Tour de France". Landis has stated that he'll fight to clear his name.
At a press conference on May 24, 2007, Erik Zabel admitted using EPO during the first week of the 1996 Tour de France, when he won the overall maillot vert (green jersey). Following a plea from Zabel for former cyclists to admit to using drugs, former Tour de France winner and manager of Team CSC, Bjarne Riis admitted at a press conference in Copenhagen on May 25, 2007 that he used EPO regularly from 1993 to 1998, including during his 1996 Tour de France win. His admission means the top three finishers in the 1996 Tour have all been linked to doping, with two admitting to cheating. Riis is the second Tour de France winner to confess the use of doping, following the example of Bernard Thevenet (winner in 1975 and 1977).
On 24 July 2007 Tour de France rider Alexander Vinokourov tested positive for a banned blood transfusion (Blood doping) after winning a time trial, prompting his Astana team to pull out and police to raid the hotel of the team.
On 25 July 2007 it was announced that rider Cristian Moreni tested positive for testosterone. His Cofidis team pulled out as a result.
On 25 July 2007 the Tour leader Michael Rasmussen of Denmark was removed from the race for "violating internal team rules" by missing random drug tests on 9 May and 28 June. At first, he was punished with three administrative warnings, after Rasmussen had claimed to have been in Mexico visiting his wife's family without notifying his team about his whereabouts. On 25 June, the Italian journalist Davide Cassani told on Danish television that he'd seen Rasmussen training in Italy when Rasmussen had claimed to be in Mexico. The alleged lying prompted his firing by the Rabobank team manager, Theo de Rooij.
On 20 September 2007, 2006 winner Floyd Landis was found guilty of doping by an arbitrator's ruling. He was stripped of his 2006 title, and received a two-year ban from cycling.
Deaths
1910: French racer Adolphe Helière drowned at the French Riviera during a rest day.
1935: Spanish racer Francisco Cepeda died after plunging down a ravine on the Col du Galibier.
1967: July 13, Stage 13: English rider Tom Simpson died of heart failure during the ascent of Mont Ventoux. Amphetamines were found in Simpson's jersey and in his blood. His death prompted officials to accelerate drug testing.
1995: July 18, stage 15: Italian racer Fabio Casartelli crashed at approximately 88kmh (55mph) descending the Col de Portet d'Aspet. Casartelli hit his head on a concrete block and died on the scene. He didn't have a helmet, although the race doctor who attended to him maintains that it's unlikely one would have saved him as it wouldn't have protected the part of his head that hit the concrete block.
Apart from the deaths of riders, another four fatal accidents have also occurred.
1957: July 14, motorcycle rider Rene Wagter and his passenger Alex Virot, a journalist for Radio-Luxembourg, slipped on gravel and went off a road without barriers in the mountains near Ax-les-Thermes.
1958: An official, Constant Wouters, died after an accident with sprinter André Darrigade during the final stage of the tour at the Parc des Princes.
2000: A 12-year-old from Ginasservis known as Phillippe was hit by a car in the Tour de France publicity caravan.
2002: A seven-year-old boy, Melvin Pompele, died near Retjons after running in front of the caravan.
| Delay |
Year |
Opponents |
| 8" |
1989 |
Greg LeMond - Laurent Fignon |
| 23" |
2007 |
Alberto Contador - Cadel Evans |
| 32" |
2006 |
Óscar Pereiro - Andreas Klöden |
| 38" |
1968 |
Jan Janssen - Herman Van Springel |
| 40" |
1987 |
Stephen Roche - Pedro Delgado |
| 48" |
1977 |
Bernard Thévenet - Hennie Kuiper |
| 55" |
1964 |
Jacques Anquetil - Raymond Poulidor |
| 1'01" |
2003 |
Lance Armstrong - Jan Ullrich |
| 1'07" |
1966 |
Lucien Aimar - Jan Janssen |
| 1'25" |
1956 |
Roger Walkowiak - Gilbert Bauvin |
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External Link Exchanges
Do you know how hard it is to get a link from a large encyclopaedia? Well we're different and will prove it. To get a link from us just add the following HTML to your site on a relevant page:
<a href="http://tour_de_france.totallyexplained.com">Tour de France Totally Explained</a>
Then simply click through this link from your web page. Our crawlers will verify your link, extract the title of your web page and instantly add a link back to it. If you like you can remove the words Totally Explained and embed the link in article text.
As long as your link remains in place, we'll keep our link to you right here. Please play fair - our crawlers are watching. Your site must be closely related to this one's topic. Any kind of spamming, dubious practises or removing the link will result in your link from us being dropped and, potentially, your whole site being banned. |
